A military junta is a mode that establishes the takeover of governmental functions by a purely military structure or a military-civilian partnership. The term junta means "meeting" or "committee" and originated in the national and local junta organized by the Spanish resistance to Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808. 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In the early years of Spanish colonial era, most of the formations of the army were composed of conquistadors backed with native auxiliaries. Like the US military all NCOs wear sleeve stripes to denote years of service in the enlisted ranks. 3. A Philippine Army M113A2 FSV equipped with a UT30 25mm RCWS, being offloaded from BRP Tarlac (LD-601) in Iligan City during the Battle of Marawi. The military takeover has been condemned worldwide, with US president Joe Biden on Wednesday announcing sanctions on the junta’s leaders and … 17 February 2021 International Solidarity. During a May 2003 state visit to Washington DC, President Arroyo requested U.S. assistance in conducting a strategic assessment of the Philippine defense system. [62], The 7th Philippine Contingent peacekeepers to the Golan Heights were awarded the prestigious United Nations Service Medal for the performance of their mission. Enabling the defense establishment (2005–2007); These local warriors who were in the service of the Sultan were also responsible to qualified male citizens appointed by him. Lance corporal, gunnery sergeant, and master gunnery sergeant are also never used by the Philippine Marine Corps, whose ranks are the same as the Army's. He said the military is satisfied with Duterte’s leadership. Creating the environment for reform (2004–2005); Philippine Air Force W-3A Sokol in combat helicopter paint scheme before transferring to search and rescue role. 194 shares. [45] Initial planning assumptioned that the 18-year span of reform would encompass a period of steady rise in economic growth coupled with equally steady decline in the military threat from terrorists and separatists. The military junta began to change during the late 1970s.. According to the goals stated in the Philippines Defense Reform Handbook: "The PDR serves as the overall framework to re-engineer our systems and re-tool our personnel. Myanmar’s Military Junta is preparing a cybersecurity law that will allow it to disrupt the Internet, ban content on the web, and request user data. Executive Order 240, creating the Office of the Undersecretary of Internal Control in the DND, mandated in part to institutionalize reforms in the procurement and fund disbursement systems in the AFP and the DND. These are unitary rank insignia used in the every day, combat, duty and technical uniforms both on shoulders and collars (the latter in the khaki uniforms of the Navy), but in the semi-dress, dress and mess uniforms are different: The Army, Air Force and Marine Corps use unitary rank insignia on the shoulder board but the Navy uses the very same rank insignia format as in the US Navy except for the star (for Ensigns to Captains) in almost all officer uniforms and all general officer and flag officer shoulder boards in the full dress uniform are in gold colored backgrounds with the rank insignia and the AFP seal (the star arrangement is the same in the Army, Air Force and Marines but is different in the Navy). We, the grassroots communities, peoples’ organizations, civil society organizations, scholar-activists, and concerned individuals strongly condemn the Burmese military coup for their onslaught of arbitrary arrests of elected government officials, pro-democracy activists, and members of civil society, and for the elimination of the democratic space in Burma. Like the British and Spanish armed services, however, senior ranked NCOs (especially in the Philippine Navy) also wear shoulder rank insignia only on the mess, semi-dress and dress uniforms, and in some cases even collar insignia. [54] Overall, the United States is increasing U.S. funding for military education and training programs in Southeast Asia. The 1989 coup attempt, the bloodiest of all coup attempts against her was crushed with US help. The President of the Philippines is the Commander-in-Chief of the AFP and forms military policy with the Department of National Defense, an executive department acting as the principal organ by which military policy is carried out, while the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs serves as the overall commander and the highest-ranking officer in the AFP. Supporters of ousted Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi clashed with police on Friday as hundreds of thousands joined nationwide pro-democracy demonstrations in defiance of the military junta… In 1986, a faction of AFP headed by then Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and AFP vice-chief of staff Lt. General Fidel V. Ramos took a stand against Marcos, ushering in the bloodless People Power Revolution that removed Marcos from power and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president of the Philippines. Peasants. A NAVSOG unit climbs a caving ladder aboard the BRP Dagupan City during a maritime interdiction exercise. Philippine Marine Corps push forward after splashing ashore in an amphibious assault vehicle during an exercise. Military service is entirely voluntary.[6]. END MILITARY JUNTA, RESTORE CIVILIAN GOV'T IN MYANMAR! Two Del Pilar-class OPVs at Subic Bay Port, The BRP Artemio Ricarte during the 2008 Balikatan exercise, The BRP Jose Rizal, the first purpose-built vessel of the Philippine Navy, Philippine Marine Corps battledress pocket patch, Flag of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Battledress identification patch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Emblem of the Philippine Commonwealth Armed Forces, 1935-1946, Shoulder patch of the AFP General Staff, 1946-1965, AFP-wide service support and separate units, Aladin S. Dacayanan is listed as member of the board of trustees of AFPMBAI. Download PDF Statement. 7. Presidential Adviser for Military Affairs - Sec. In 2000, then President Joseph Estrada ordered the AFP to launch an "All-Out war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a breakaway group of the MNLF that wants to proclaim Mindanao an independent state. Marcos, in his duty as the overall commander in chief, would like to make sure who would be fit to assume important command positions. [47], U.S. observers have reported that overall progress of the PDR is unmistakable and has clearly struck a wider swath of the Philippine defense establishment than originally hoped. "[41] The Philippine Defense Reform follows a three-step implementation plan:[42] Department of Environment and Natural Resources/United Nations Development Programme/Marine Prior, first chief sergeant and master chief petty officer were the highest enlisted ranks and rates, the former being the highest rank of precedence for Army, Air Force and Marine NCOs. Specifically, the 2003 JDA revealed critical deficiencies in the following specific areas:[38]. The Guardia Civil took police duties and maintaining public order in villages and towns. With the arrival of Islam, the system of defense forces in the Mindanao region's sultanates under Muslim control mirrored those other existing sultanates in the region. On December 13, 1990, Republic Act No. [citation needed] Since then, the rank of five-star general/admiral became an honorary rank of the commander-in-chief of the armed forces whenever a new president assumes office for a six-year term, thus making the President the most senior military official. After Japan was defeated in World War II, the Philippines gained its independence in 1946. NO TO MILITARY JUNTA IN THE PHILIPPINES! Maria, Deputy Director, Global Labor Justice – International Labor Rights Forum, Maria Fatima Villena, MA Student, College of Public Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Kevin Hewison, Distinguished Emeritus Professor, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States of America, Ben Kerkvliet, Emeritus Professor, Australian National University, Australia, Venarica Papa, Assistant Professor, University of the Philippines, Verna Dinah Q. Viajar, Postdoc Research Fellow, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, Philippines, Robin A. In 1938 the Constabulary Division was separated from the army and reorganized into a national police force.[26][27]. As a safeguard against a return to elite rule, we call on non-NLD democratic and progressive forces to step up and organize themselves into an alternative political force that will contest political leadership in Burma. [25], The Army of the Philippines included naval and air assets directly reporting to Army headquarters, and the Philippine Constabulary, later part of the ground forces proper as a division. 1. Neither of these projections have proven accurate. The ranks of enlisted personnel in Filipino are the same as their U.S. counterparts, with some differences. As of 2010[update], at the six-year mark of PDR, the Philippine economy was internally strong, but suffering during a period of recession that crippled Philippine purchasing power. [34] On January 29, 1991, the PC and the INP were formally retired and the PNP was activated in their place. Implementing and institutionalizing reform (2007–2010). For example, following the expulsion of Ferdinand Marcos from the Philippines in 1986, the Philippine Coast Guard separated from the Philippine Navy, resulting in an uneven distribution of resources and jurisdictional confusion. "[48] President Aquino has promised to implement the PDR program. We stand in solidarity with the peoples of Burma and we register our calls: We demand that the military cease interfering with Burma politics and return to the barracks where they rightfully belong. Environment and Resources Foundation, Inc. (2004) ArcDev: A Framework for Sustainable Archipelagic Development. Provide sustainment and/or long-term viability of acquired capabilities. [63], The officer ranks are as follows:[64][65]. The revolution installed then Vice-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as president. Philippine Defense Reform; Are we there yet? A common thread in all: the lack of strategy-based planning that would focus DND/AFP on addressing priority threats and link capability requirements with the acquisition process. A strangely familiar sight dominated the front pages of Myanmar's state-owned newspaper this week: photos of men in green military uniforms sitting in seats of power. The uniqueness of Philippine military ranks can be seen in the current highest ranks of first chief master sergeant (for the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force) and first master chief petty officer (for the Navy), both created in 2004, and since then have become the highest enlisted rank of precedence. [56] For example, Philippine Executive Order 57, signed in 2011 by President Benigno Aquino III, established a central inter-agency mechanism for enhancing governance in the country's maritime domain. (CNN) — Myanmar's new ruling junta is releasing tens of thousands of prisoners Friday as angry protests against the military coup continue for the … La Via Campesina and ZINTV present “The Feast”/”Tong-Tong”, a film produced collectively by Anne-Sophie Guillaume,… Read more →, 182 Ver and Marcos also extended the tour of duty of those military officers who should have been effectively retired, to the dismay also of the younger officers. [46], During the Arroyo presidency, deliberate 'Rolodexing' of senior leadership within the DND and AFP constantly put U.S. PDR advocates in a position of re-winning previously won points and positions, and gave U.S. observers a 'two steps forward, one step back' impression of the program. However, no law specifically establishes the rank of five-star general in the Armed Forces of the Philippines unlike in the United States and other countries. He is assisted by: Both normally holding the rank of Lieutenant General/Vice Admiral. The military coup d'etat (3/17/2020 - 5/15/2020) overthrew the Fifth Philippine Republic and installed a military led-government initiated by a group of officers supported by the President. In 2017, The AFP also clashed with ISIS Militants in Marawi, calling President Duterte to declare Martial Law under Proclamation No. De Los Reyes, Dean, School of Liberal Arts, Ateneo de Zamboanga University, Philippines, Vedi Hadiz, Asia Institute, University of Melbourne, Prof.Dr. The Philippine Defense Reform (PDR) Program is the result of that agreement. But last week said Duterte, in a speech to retired and active generals that Robredo to be too weak in strategy’ is to get him to follow. 8. Those who survived the invasion but escaped from the Japanese formed the basis of recognized guerrilla units and ongoing local military force of the Philippine Commonwealth Army that continued the fighting against the enemy all over the islands. Military Junta, Withdraw from Burma Politics! In 1991, the major services of the AFP was reduced from four to three, when the Philippine Constabulary or PC, an AFP major service tasked to enforce the law and to curb criminality, was formally merged with the country's Integrated National Police, a national police force on the cities and municipalities in the country attached to the PC to become the Philippine National Police, thus removing it from AFP control and it was civilianized by a law passed by Congress, therefore becoming under the Department of the Interior and Local Government as a result. Airmen of the 710th Special Operations Wing prepare to jump from a KC-130 during Parachute Operations training. Naval Station Francisco. 10. Tags … The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) (Filipino: Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas; Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas de Filipinas) are the military forces of the Philippines. Since 2001, the Armed Forces of the Philippines has been active in supporting the War on terror and has been attacking terrorist groups in Mindanao ever since. The AFP, during her term also launched a massive campaign against the CPP-NPA after a brief hiatus and also against the MNLF in the south. The last couppoging dates back to 2007, the most serious was in 1986. Philippine Iron Construction and Marine Works, Inc. Aces Marine & Links Industrial Corporation, Stoneworks Specialist International Corporation. Philippine Navy rigid hull inflatable boats perform a maritime interdiction operation exercise in Manila Bay. The ten are:[39] [55], Recent national policies have shifted the strategic direction of the AFP towards external, territorial defense as opposed to previous, internal foci. U.S. The most recent U.S. Department of Defense budget for the region includes $90 million for programs, which is a 50 percent increased from four years ago. Primarily under the purview of the Navy, it resulted in the first ever MRL systems designed by Southeast Asians - the Bongbong II MLRS, would have been the first ever to be manufactured solely in Southeast Asia and supposedly making the country the 3rd overall to adopt these systems following Indonesia and Vietnam.[28]. The Nagkaisa Labor coalition stands with the workers and people of Myanmar in calling for an immediate end to the military take over and the speedy restoration of the civilian government. People gather outside the Chinese Embassy as they protest against the military coup and demand the release of elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi, in Yangon, Myanmar, February 11, 2021. 1. Improve cost-effectiveness of operations. Organizations, 200 000 000 + The crafting of a new constitution should lead to new elections that will genuinely be participative, inclusive, and democratic. Manolo Martin demonstrates the proper way to hold a king cobra during survival course training. End Elite Rule! The 1987 Philippine Constitution placed the AFP under the control of a civilian, the President of the Philippines, who acts as its Commander-in-Chief. The revolutionaries were fighting desperately as the American forces already landed in other islands and had taken over towns and villages. Multi-year Capabilities Upgrade Program (CUP) The establishment of the general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army are military station went to the province during occupation. Multi-Year Defense Planning System (MYDPS) 10349, approved on December 11, 2012, amended RA7898 to establish a revised AFP modernization program. Longstanding treaties, such as the aforementioned 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982,[53] are of great importance to the Philippines in supporting maritime security in particular; respectively, their legally binding nature provides long-term effectiveness for mutual defense cooperation and for the development of the Philippine maritime and archipelagic domain. Asia / South Pacific / India. The position is honorary and may be granted to any military officer, especially generals or admirals who had significant contributions and showed heroism, only in times of war and national defense concerns and emergencies. Units from other colonies were also levied to augment the existing formations in the Philippines. In 2012, the AFP Chief of Staff said that there had been no increase in the number of soldiers over a long period, and that the military aimed to hire 30,000 troops in three years.[29]. These funds are aimed at carrying out security, counterterrorism training and rule of law programs. Military Junta Tightens Grip On Myanmar The Philippine Star | February 11, 2021 YANGON (AFP) – Tens of thousands of people took to the streets of Myanmar’s biggest city for a fifth consecutive day yesterday, defying a ban on protests as the military moved to tighten its grip on the country. 9. Section 1206 ($102.3 million) and 1207 ($16.02 million) funds. Rural Poor Institute for Land and Human Rights Services (RIGHTS), Inc. Feminist’s Liberation Front (FLF), Thailand, Europe Solidaire Sans Frontières (ESSF), France, Focus on the Global South, Thailand, Philippines, India, Bandung Women’s Voice Community (SPB) Bandung, Indonesia, People’s Welfare and Reforms for Social Advancement (PWERSA), Philippines, Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (BMP/Solidarity of Filipino Workers), Philippines, Pambansang Koalisyon ng Kababaihan sa Kanayunan (PKKK), Philippines, Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA), Philippines, Alyansa ng mga Mamamayan para sa Karapatang Pantao (AMKP), Mindanao, Philippines, Coalition Against Trafficking in Women – Asia Pacific (CATW-AP), Sentro ng mga Nagkakaisa at Progresibong Manggagawa (SENTRO-NAGKAISA), Alyansa ng Kabataang Mindanao para sa Kapayapaan (AKMK), Kilusan Para sa Pambansang Demokrasya, Philippines, National Fisheries Solidarity Movement of Sri Lanka, LILAK Purple Action for Indigenous Women’s Rights, Philippines, Housing and Land Rights Network – Habitat International Coalition, Egypt and Switzerland, Centro Internazionale Crocevia (CIC), Italy, Convergence of Initiatives for Environmental Justice (CIEJ), Philippines, Kalipunan ng mga Kilusang Masa (KALIPUNAN), Philippines, Alliance for Conflict Transformation (ACT), Cambodia, Konfederasi Pergerakan Rakyat Indonesia (KPRI – Confederation of Indonesian Peoples’ Movement), Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center-Kasama sa Kalikasan (LRC-KsK), Philippines, Sigaw ng Kabataan Coalition La Union, Philippines, Health and Development Alliance (HEAD), Cambodia, Thailand Human Rights Campaign, United Kingdom, Maan Ystävät – Friends of the Earth, Finland, Bangladesh Occupational Safety, Health and Environment Foundation, La Via Campesina (International Peasants’ Movement), Andrew Aeria, Civil Society Activist, Malaysia, Maria Dulce F. Natividad, University of the Philippines, Jun Borras, Professor, ISS, Den Hague, Netherlands, Bonn Juego, Academic, Philippines/Finland, Maria Karina A. Bolasco, Publisher, Philippines, Rene E. Ofreneo, Professor Emeritus, UP, Philippines, Rosalinda P. Ofreneo, Professor Emeritus, UP, Philippines, Mary Ann Manahan, Scholar-Activist, Ghent University, Philippines/Belgium, Teodoro C. Mendoza, PhD. Improve Personnel Management System 9. Significantly Boosts Military Funding for SE Asia. The Parting of the Sulawesi Sea: U.S. Strategy and Transforming the Terrorist Transit Triangle. 57 by the President of the Philippines. The alternative style of address for the ranks of lieutenant junior grade, lieutenant senior grade, second lieutenant, and first lieutenant are simply lieutenant in English, or tenyente or teniente in Tagalog and Spanish, respectively. Officer ranks in the AFP are inspired by revolutionary insignia used by the Philippine Army after the 1898 declaration of independence. A military junta (/ ˈ h ʊ n t ə, ˈ dʒ ʌ n-/) is a government led by a committee of military leaders. Two FA-50 Jets of the Philippine Air Force. Enhance capability to counter terrorism and other transnational threats. AFP units were also sent at the same time to the Spratly Islands. In 1981, when Marcos' trusted military officer, General Fabian Ver became the AFP chief of staff, favoritism was believed to be attached to the military organization due to the fact that the general only placed his favorites in most sensitive positions, it did not dismay qualified officers. Almost all of the formations of the Spanish Army in the archipelago participated in the local religious uprisings between 17th and 19th centuries, and in the Philippine Revolution in 1896 fighting against the revolutionary forces. Address AFP capability gaps to enable the AFP to effectively fulfill its mission. In accordance with the National Defense Act of 1935, the Armed Forces of the Philippines was officially established on December 21, 1935, when the act entered into force. In 1947 the modern AFP first emerged with the upgrade of the PAAC to the Philippine Air Force. [58] Out of the 700,00+ reservists; 93,062 are (ready reserve) and 610,586 are (standby reserve). Emilio Aguinaldo, the first President of the Philippines, holds an equivalent of five-star general under the title Generalissimo and Minister/Field Marshal as the first commander-in-chief of the AFP. Andyan din ang Myanmar na matagal nang kontrolado ng mga military mula pa ng kudeta ng 1962. Additionally, sergeant majors in the AFP are only appointments for senior ranked non-commissioned officers (NCOs) rather than ranks, examples of such appointments being the Command Sergeant Major, AFP (held by a first chief master sergeant or a first master chief petty officer) and the Command Master Chief Petty Officer, Philippine Navy (held by an either MCPO or CMS or a SCPO or SMS). Lieutenants and Captains wear 1 to 3 triangles (and Navy Ensigns and Lieutenants (junior and senior grades) in their working, duty and combat uniforms) while Majors, Lieutenant Colonels and Colonels wear 1, 2, and 3 suns (both triangles and suns have the ancient baybayin letter ka (K) in the center) as well as Navy superior officers (Lieutenant Commanders, Commanders and Captains) in their working, duty and combat uniforms respectively. [44], The PDR is jointly funded by the U.S. and R.P. September 6, 2011. All of its branches are part of the Department of National Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of National Defense. Overview of the MRIC. A missile development program known as the "Sta. Año, a former Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) chief of staff, said “there is no existing condition” that would call for a coup or junta. While this can be made up by future outlays, as of 2010[update] observers see no outward sign the legislature is planning to do so. MacArthur accepted the offer and became a Field Marshal of the Philippines, a rank no other person has since held. Having failed the human rights test by justifying the massive atrocities against Burma’s ethnic minorities, especially the Rohingya genocide, Aung San Suu Kyi should give way and make room for the emergence of progressive and multi-ethnic leadership. Philippine Army Staff Sgt. Accessed from: Philippine Aerospace Development Corporation, International military intervention against ISIL, Anti-piracy operations in Sulu and Celebes Sea, Department of the Interior and Local Government, Commanding General of the Philippine Army, Commanding General of the Philippine Air Force, National Capital Region Defense Command (NCRDC), General Headquarters and Headquarters Service Command (GHQ & HSC), Armed Forces of the Philippines Officer Candidate School, Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College (AFPCGSC), Armed Forces of the Philippines Reserve Command (AFPRESCOM), Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center, Armed Forces of the Philippines Commissary and Exchange Service, Communications, Electronics and Information System Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (CEISSAFP), Civil Relations Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (CRSAFP), Armed Forces of the Philippines Special Operations Command (AFPSOCOM), AFP Joint Task Force-National Capital Region, Awards and decorations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines_Reserve_Command, "Philippine Defense Secretary Lorenza announces Philippine Pledge at the 2019 UN Peacekeeping Ministerial Meeting in New York City", https://www.janes.com/amp/philippines-outlines-defence-budget-increase-for-2021/ZnlJK3dHVU9mZ28xajRJVkc5dVI5VFp1cVMwPQ2, "The World Factbook: Military Service Age and Obligation", "Former WESCOM commander now AFP Vice Chief of Staff", "AFP Vice Chief of Staff Collado retires", "Lt. Gen. Lim bows out of military service, relinquishes post to RAdm Kagaoan", "CA confirms AFP's No. 2. Solidarity for the people of Myanmar against the fascist military junta! 7898, approved on February 23, 1995, declared it the policy of the State to modernize the AFP to a level where it can effectively and fully perform its constitutional mandate to uphold the sovereignty and preserve the patrimony of the Republic of the Philippines, and mandated specific actions to be taken to achieve this end. As of 2010[update], U.S. observers were uncertain whether Arroyo's successor, Benigno Aquino III, chosen in Philippine Presidential elections on May 10, 2010, will continue the tradition of rapid turnover of senior leadership. [61] The Philippine Army shooting team won 14 gold medals, 50 silver medals and two bronze medals in Australian Army Skills at the Arms Meeting (AASAM) 2014. They might put up somebody else as head of their military junta.. Human rights officials say up to 30,000 people were killed under a series of military juntas.. For some people, this military junta is just not tough enough.. 153 s. 1938 Reorganizing the Philippine Constabulary into a National Police Force", "Santa Barbara Project – The Classified Missile Project of the Philippines", "AFP hopes to recruit 20,000 soldiers in 3 years", "Republic Act No. Development of Strategic Communication Capability The International League of Peoples’ Struggle Asia-Pacific (ILPS AP) condemns the Myanmar military for seizing power once again from the people when it announced the coup and placed the country under national emergency for a year last Monday, February 1. Optimization of Defense Budget and Improvement of Management Controls Consequently, discontent in the AFP ensued. Upon the effectivity of that Act, the PC ceased to be a major service of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the INP ceased to be the national police and civil defense force. The military argue that the last elections were fraudulent. However, Marcos – as Commander in Chief – did modernization efforts for the AFP by instituting a series of self-reliance programs, known as the AFP Self Reliance Defense Posture (SRDP) program, to enable it to construct its own weapons, warplanes, tanks, ships and aircraft locally instead of buying from foreign sources. 3, military intel chief, 58 other senior officers", "AFP Eastern Command chief Faustino is acting Army chief — Sobejana", "Philippine Fleet commander Giovanni Carlo Bacordo is new Navy chief", "Fleet commander Giovanni Carlo Bacordo is new Navy chief", "New PH Navy chief vows 'proper upkeep' of new ships, assets", "Duterte names Allen Paredes as new Air Force chief", "New PAF chief willing to be father, friend to Air Force members", "Maj. Gen. Ariel Caculitan named new Marines chief", "Army installs new Command Sergeant Major", "Speech of President Arroyo during the Commemoration of the Centennial Celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War April 16, 2002", American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur 1880–1964, "Commonwealth Act No.

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